When we first moved to a Gemeinde just outside of Zürich, my wife and I were amazed to see these cat ladders coming down from balconies. We pass by cats on our walks occasionally, so they definitely use them. It probably helps that we're on the edge of the Gemeinde on a rolling hillside next to cow fields, fields used by sheep, and forest. Very little car traffic. On the other hand, in Zürich city proper I have not seen these ladders as I imagine it is not safe for a cat to be outdoors there.
I haven't seen outside cat ladders in Zürich, but I've definitely seen them in the gardens at the back of buildings. Perhaps "public" cat ladders are not allowed?
I´ve seen plenty of them in Zurich. Not at Bahnhofstrasse of course but in Wipkingen for example they are everywhere. I had one in my backyard and there were multiple street facing ones as well.